April 1, 2023

The Blessed Knife - A Castrato Tale

Opera. The voices of angels. But before women were allowed to sing, Spanish and Italian Opera houses needed soprano singers. What were they to do? They came up with a solution that highlights the selfish, no-holds-barred, uncaring, lack-of-humanty race humans were and can still be. Follow Alesha as she takes us on one of our more crazy and absolutely Bizzare AF stories about the life of a Castrato.

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Well, hello, bizarre story
friends.

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If you're tuned in now, you are
listening to the bizarre AF, a

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place where we talked about the
strange, the unusual, the

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unknown, and all things bizarre
as fuck, Alicia your host.

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For today's episode, as always
we ask that you keep an open

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mind, keep a skeptical ear, but
keep listening on to the facts.

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As we take you on her newest
Journey, the Blessed knife a

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castrato tail.
Do re me my co-host with the

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most.
How you doing?

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Kevin.
Hey girlfriend.

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I'm good.
How are you doing?

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I'm good right now.
We are consuming up tropical

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actually beverage.
I didn't realize.

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How tropical was.
Oh yeah, here we go.

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If you're, if you're watching
out of our black goblets from

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the Madonna in cheers.
This is a rum Breeze.

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Mmm, it's really good.
I didn't, I didn't expect it.

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I took a sip right?
When we do the intro and I was

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like, oh my God, what is?
This is great.

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I'm gonna be feeling.
Line it up at the end of us.

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Has that coconut rum mmm-hmm.
I love coconut.

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I just got back from Hawaii so
it's like perfect transition.

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Yeah you're back in the
mountains and landlocked so we

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can still have like paradise
here in our in our cup.

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Thank you had a good time.
Yeah I think is great time.

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Good time.
Good to be back home in

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Colorado, though.
Total I'm me love.

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He's some kind of rad our home.
I guess you have to write this.

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You're living here.
Yeah.

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But Paradise isn't too fucking
bad, right?

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Don't complain.
No.

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Okay so I'm aware of your
singing proclivities and how

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great you are.
I have been serenaded by you on

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stage many a night.
You have many a night.

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You have.
I loved it because all about

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you.
Oh yeah, keep on going.

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Keep on going.
It's always about me and him

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could do not but but tell me Me,
how long have you been singing?

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What don't do the
professionally, but I've always

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liked to sing.
They tried to get me to sing in

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High School.
Okay.

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Refused I wouldn't do it.
Mmm, no, I wasn't as adventurous

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I guess back then, it's so fun.
That's so funny to me is an

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exact opposite of who you are
today.

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I know.
Yeah, I'm a little more on it

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and extrovert and introvert.
Yes.

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Yeah.
So I've gotten.

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I'm better at that as time goes
on but anyway and then I didn't

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really it was karaoke habla.
And then once I got Snatched up

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to do Hedwig.
Yeah.

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Which that, by the way, I think
my dish in for that I was just

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like someone saw me and then,
like they saw you.

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Uh-huh.
Miss.

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This is the San Francisco.
They came to a party.

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This brand I were having and
they saw a picture of me in Drag

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and Halloween.
Oh yeah, and they said do you

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sing?
And I said yeah I can carry a

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tune and they said, Said, would
you be interested in doing a

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show?
Like what?

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Show Hedwig and the Angry Inch
like what?

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What me.
So as I got sucked into that and

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then not suck in but pulled into
that thankfully and then you

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know, would do it in cage.
I don't see, I'm not like a

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musical fan and I know the gays
are going to want to take my

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card away.
It may be or deduct points.

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They could you could get some
points too.

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Dead right?
I've got room it's okay.

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But yeah I'm not super huge fan.
I do love Chicago but Chicago's

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yeah.
So I don't like / to participate

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in them necessarily and I have
done a couple which I've always

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enjoyed sure.
Sure.

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I've always enjoyed doing them.
Just nothing I seek out.

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So that's my singing history
repertoire.

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Yeah if you will.
Yeah I mean you when you were

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singing To me on stage.
It was that I mean you sounded

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great so you didn't ever do any
like training or anything like

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that?
No, no.

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And I think if I had
professional training obviously

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I would have.
I would be better.

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We still could I could.
So.

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Yeah.
You're right.

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Of course not laughs.
Yeah.

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Yeah.
Six feet under and he can't do

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it anymore.
Yeah, that's it.

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Okay.
So, okay thing I am terrified of

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singing.
You are you have heard me

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saying, do karaoke?
We do karaoke.

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You've heard me.
Sing before, I don't think I

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have a bad voice.
I just kind of feel like it's

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baring your soul.
And what if people don't like my

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soul?
It's always that element of

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judging, right?
That's I think that's, that's

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the number one thing.
Yeah, that that, that I would be

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judged but it's just, it's very
scary for me.

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I'm trying to get past that
good.

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Yeah, but what if I told you
there was an entire Echelon of

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men who were rock stars, okay,
and their day, their operatic

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singer.
The Opera was like that was

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those were ours are singing that
was.

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Yeah.
That was that was like the eye.

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Yeah.
Everyone's like clamoring to be

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near them.
Yeah.

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But these opera singers actually
paid a really big price for

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their art form.
Uh-huh.

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What's the biggest price that
you would pay to be like a rock

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star?
Kevin?

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The biggest prize?
Yeah, I would pay.

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Would you your rock star?
Well, I don't know, I guess you

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could give up your privacy.
I'll leave those, right things

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known thing.
The normal stuff.

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How far would I go?
I don't think I would go very

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far, very far.
No, you wouldn't, you wouldn't

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take off a limb for I would not,
you wouldn't for go puberty.

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I would not, that's what the
castrati.

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Did you do?
Yeah, so I'll just start from

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the beginning.
Okay, castration, mmm.

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Kevin, I'm looking at you right
now.

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You're definitely squirming over
there next a castration.

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I'm really sorry.
Can I can already see the?

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I can just knowing the culture
of humanity.

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I can already tell why I can
already kind of.

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Figure out why that's gonna
happen.

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I'm gonna I'm gonna see if I'm
right.

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Okay.
So you know we're used to

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castration right now.
I mean, not personally feel like

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I'm used to it, I'm used to
castrate but like, you know,

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animals you have two dogs, you
know, upstairs that have been,

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you know, been neutered will
call, you know, they're called

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castration necessarily I have a
cat who's been neutered and

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that's great because, you know,
the reason we do it is we're

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preventing man.
Animals from reproducing and

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having like earnings that the
good old puberty ends up giving

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us.
Right?

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So, you know, castration as far
as a form of enslavement goes

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back years, we're talking, you
know, ancient Sumeria castrating

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Slaves by for punishment or
means of control, right?

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Have you heard of Unix?
Yes, but I don't think I fully

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know.
Like I don't think I could fully

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Define it, but do they have Unix
on?

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What's the dragon show?
Any Game of Thrones of Thrones?

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Did they?
I feel like now you're talking

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to the wrong person.
So I watched any of those, our

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house of dragons or whatever.
Okay, got it.

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I believe they do though.
They do have a eunuch.

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Okay.
So eunuch eunuchs, were

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typically used as Harem guards,
like in the Middle East and the

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idea was like, these dudes are
not going to bother Anyone as

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far as like sex, like they're
not going to go up to the hair,

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I'm like the women in the Harem
because they don't have the need

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for.
It wasn't relevant to them

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because they've been castrated.
Yeah.

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Or they also were used and
higher as higher political

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advisors the thought behind.
That was okay.

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They don't have heirs that
they're going to try to have

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succeed them.
So it would really be a moot

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point for them, to even to even
try to take a throne be Advisor

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is powerful enough.
So they would castrate advisors

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to and this is historically,
okay?

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Right?
So they couldn't have children,

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that could take over, right,
like, heirs to place on a throne

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like, you know, typically you
have to have someone who would

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cut would be beneath, you know.
Right.

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Got it to make sure that your
power was, you know, strong and

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you stayed in power for a longer
period of time.

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But singers singers who are
castrated, okay?

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These can be traced back.
Back to Byzantine choirs,

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they're actually music pieces
pointing out like a specific

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specific voice, which was like a
castrated male.

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What is the Byzantine byzantines
like a bit?

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The Byzantine Empire?
It's just it's just a, it's an

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area, it's like an ancient area,
400 ad a civilization, okay?

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That that had, you know, it was
a great civilization Had song

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books and things.
That.

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But they also had castrated
singers and and those were all

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of the male's castrated if they
were a singer, not all of them.

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Okay, not all men.
Were castrated.

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Just specific ones.
Okay, so that was around, 400

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ad.
But but the group that I wanted

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to talk about today, are the
Italians, okay.

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Well, they're known for their
Opera, right?

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They're known for Opera but they
also make everything beautiful.

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Right?
And tasty sir.

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I know oh God, I could Ugh,
Pizza, Pasta Negroni smugly

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Auto.
So you know, if anyone could

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make a eunuch a rock star, it's
the Italians right?

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Okay.
So around the, the mid-sixteenth

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century is kind of where we
start to see the milsim, like

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the start of a male soprano, or
a fall settest as a part of a

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specific music piece, and the
pieces that I'm talking about,

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there's one called to die.
Logs upon music, which is by the

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way, it's important to note.
Women were not allowed to sing

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in and the papal region.
So like, Catholic areas women

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were not allowed to sing in
choirs.

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Go go figure.
So you couldn't have a female

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can have is high soprano?
Yeah, so you had to have a male

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castrated so we could sing high
notes or boys, right?

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So they would have the boys and
requires that could hit those

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notes before they reached pure.
Bertie.

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Yeah, so but the problem with
having these boys was that every

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time you would have a boy, you
know, he trained high enough and

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be able to hit those notes.
What would happen in three years

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they would go to puberty.
I'm going through all that

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training is just gone, so they'd
have to train another group, but

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a castrated singer from Spain.
Ended up coming to the In city

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and he could hit those high
notes and he could sustain them

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because he had like the lungs of
a grown, man, because he was a

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grown man who had been
castrated.

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There was no need to retrain
every three years.

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If you had a cow, he wasn't with
the sorry.

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Did I God?
He's castration.

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Mmm.
His castration was.

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Secondary.
I mean, it wasn't that was just

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a happenstance that wasn't why
he was singing or was.

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00:12:33,900 --> 00:12:36,600
It was that connected?
Or is that like that's a great

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00:12:36,600 --> 00:12:38,200
question?
Like what came first?

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00:12:38,700 --> 00:12:43,000
Yeah, because I'm saying because
and you might be getting into it

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here in a second but I'm just
wondering if for some other

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reason he was castrated.
It just happens.

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You know there's guys that can.
Okay what's that acapella group?

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00:12:52,600 --> 00:12:56,900
Oh, I know exactly my type.
Haha, and there's all the videos

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like, yeah, it was that that
cute guy with a little bowl

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haircut who can reach the same.
High notes.

223
00:13:01,300 --> 00:13:03,800
Is that girl can, sometimes I
can't even tell them apart,

224
00:13:03,900 --> 00:13:05,600
right?
And that's just my nature.

225
00:13:05,700 --> 00:13:07,300
Uh-huh.
It was castrated why I'm

226
00:13:07,300 --> 00:13:09,200
assuming he was incarcerated.
No.

227
00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:13,800
So I was just wondering if you
knew if that was kind of a an

228
00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:16,800
intentional thing to get him
there or yeah.

229
00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:20,200
Well, so ultimately, they
practiced a little bit more

230
00:13:20,200 --> 00:13:23,500
castration in Spain and that was
like the Moors.

231
00:13:25,500 --> 00:13:28,400
The Moors came in this way.
This is not necessarily

232
00:13:28,400 --> 00:13:31,600
something that I had researched.
I just know off the top of my

233
00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:34,800
head, oh my God, let me just
pull this knowledge out.

234
00:13:34,900 --> 00:13:41,000
So so the more is came to Spain
and it was, it was really a form

235
00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:44,800
of punishment and slavery.
So you would castrate for those

236
00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:50,200
Reasons, I'm sure what ended up
happening is you had a castrated

237
00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:52,900
person who started singing,
you're like really old or they

238
00:13:52,900 --> 00:13:55,100
were really good at singing.
Before and then they have been

239
00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:56,700
castrated.
Yeah well this guy came down to

240
00:13:56,708 --> 00:13:59,400
the Sistine Chapel and was like
hey bros check.

241
00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:02,200
Yeah yeah and he could sustain
these things, he had a great

242
00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:04,800
voice to begin with.
I mean I'm assuming he had a

243
00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:08,500
great voice to begin with, but
but you know, Roman Catholic

244
00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:12,400
folks were, you know, oh my God,
you know, because they didn't

245
00:14:12,400 --> 00:14:13,700
have men that could hit these
notes.

246
00:14:13,700 --> 00:14:16,800
You don't have that many men who
can sustain the notes for as

247
00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:19,300
long and it's not going up into
that like head voice.

248
00:14:19,300 --> 00:14:23,600
Yeah right so like when you have
which, you know, you probably

249
00:14:23,600 --> 00:14:26,500
know The better than I do.
But you have different voices,

250
00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:28,900
you can like, you know, speak
from like your diaphragm

251
00:14:28,900 --> 00:14:31,300
pressure and that's a stronger
Place.

252
00:14:31,300 --> 00:14:35,300
Yep, throat clears throat.
Do you suppose your head is

253
00:14:35,300 --> 00:14:37,300
like, if you have a heavy voice,
it's just not in.

254
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:41,300
It can be strong, but like, it's
not as sustainable, but if you

255
00:14:41,300 --> 00:14:45,400
can hit those high notes and do
them like from like a more

256
00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:48,800
grounded place than your, you
know.

257
00:14:48,900 --> 00:14:50,400
Yeah.
Better than this makes you good.

258
00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:53,700
Yeah, so having like a male
Sopranos, not very common.

259
00:14:53,900 --> 00:14:57,200
In right?
But you see the you know, this

260
00:14:57,200 --> 00:14:59,200
guy had been castrated.
Oh cool.

261
00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:02,100
We can have great singers.
We just have to have these boys

262
00:15:02,100 --> 00:15:05,800
castrated before he makes them
not go through puberty yeah.

263
00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:09,100
We already were already putting
them through to this guy seated,

264
00:15:09,100 --> 00:15:13,300
the idea of them castrating
these boys to keep them high.

265
00:15:13,400 --> 00:15:16,300
That's kind, that's kind of
where they where they think it

266
00:15:16,300 --> 00:15:19,500
really started, right or that
the research into because we had

267
00:15:20,200 --> 00:15:24,200
like these, like castrated
singers or eunuch singers, Back

268
00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:27,400
and 400 ad.
But like, the Resurgence in

269
00:15:27,408 --> 00:15:30,100
popularity had to do with the
type of music.

270
00:15:30,100 --> 00:15:34,900
That was being sung, the operas
that were incredibly popular and

271
00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:38,400
and the fact that women couldn't
sing like all of these things

272
00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:41,200
coming together, right?
Of course, it creates a great

273
00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:45,800
great atmosphere for you know a
castrati or a castrated singer

274
00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:50,700
too, you know, rise up through.
So it becomes incredibly popular

275
00:15:50,700 --> 00:15:55,300
in Vatican City and I'm sure
that Castration, the castration,

276
00:15:55,300 --> 00:15:59,300
the castrated singers, right?
I'm sure you're dying to know

277
00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:04,300
how these men or no.
Really, boys are chosen to be a

278
00:16:04,300 --> 00:16:06,900
custard castrato and what the
process looks like, right?

279
00:16:06,900 --> 00:16:09,400
As you said, not all of the
little boy.

280
00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:11,500
Singers were castrated.
Not all of them are.

281
00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:14,000
I'm sure that you were selected
by their voice.

282
00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:19,800
Yes, that's part of it.
So we'll get into the into the,

283
00:16:19,900 --> 00:16:22,900
you know, how.
And then but also well, the, how

284
00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:25,800
of you How they actually cast,
right?

285
00:16:25,900 --> 00:16:27,600
Oh, great.
I know you're gonna have to

286
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:31,500
breathe, but I was you some
breathing exercises over here,

287
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:39,300
whatever?
Okay.

288
00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:44,200
So, the start of the process for
selecting the castrati, this

289
00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:45,500
would have to be done at a young
age, right?

290
00:16:45,500 --> 00:16:47,400
You can't do it once.
Somebody's already hit puberty

291
00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,300
or you can't do it.
Like when someone's 18, it has

292
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:53,700
to be around the onset of
puberty or before.

293
00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:57,200
Or well, they would castrate for
other reasons after puberty, but

294
00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:00,800
for them, they were castrating
before puberty to make sustain

295
00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:02,900
The Voice rise.
Okay, to sustain that voice.

296
00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:06,200
So, there are a couple of
options are folks, who were

297
00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:09,400
chosen for that one or what?
Castration?

298
00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:11,200
Castration actual Act of doing
yes.

299
00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:13,000
Oh God to become a cock
castrati.

300
00:17:14,099 --> 00:17:17,200
One I just okay, I feel so
stupid.

301
00:17:17,200 --> 00:17:22,500
What I just realized what
castrati means instead of set it

302
00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:24,400
for me.
What that is.

303
00:17:24,500 --> 00:17:26,400
So there's two, there's two
terms, right?

304
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:29,800
Castrati and castrato ones.
Plural ones, you know, singular,

305
00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:32,800
sure.
It's a castrated male, singer

306
00:17:32,900 --> 00:17:35,200
whole.
Oh, I thought it was the person

307
00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:39,600
that was doing the castration.
No, it's a singer who have been

308
00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:41,900
castrated than Yorick castrati.
Uh-huh.

309
00:17:41,900 --> 00:17:44,900
And if you're part of that
group, your accursed Rado, part

310
00:17:44,900 --> 00:17:48,500
of my various treated group
reverse, I am a castrato, I am

311
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:50,000
with castrati has.
Yeah.

312
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:51,500
Got it.
Yes, got it.

313
00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:56,600
Okay, so The way that they would
select would be one, you are a

314
00:17:56,608 --> 00:17:59,200
talented voicing like you were
saying okay they're showing

315
00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:03,600
Talent, you know we want to be
able to use this voice because

316
00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:07,100
he's a killer you know he's one
in a million that you don't find

317
00:18:07,100 --> 00:18:10,100
them very often to you're an
orphan.

318
00:18:11,700 --> 00:18:17,000
Wait.
You're saying if you're an

319
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:20,800
orphan, your castrated, or
you're saying, if you're an

320
00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:23,300
orphan singer, if you're an
orphan, in you're willing to

321
00:18:23,300 --> 00:18:28,000
sing and be castrated, oh,
you're an orphan and you want to

322
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:31,900
sing we're going to castrate you
in hopes that you're going to

323
00:18:31,900 --> 00:18:33,500
keep this.
Yeah.

324
00:18:33,500 --> 00:18:36,800
And then and the the poor orphan
singer, right?

325
00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:39,300
Or not.
Depending I mean I mean yes but

326
00:18:39,300 --> 00:18:41,300
typically you'd have to be have
to be able to carry a note.

327
00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:44,300
They're not going to just have
someone who's like yeah morning.

328
00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:45,900
Stretches.
You can maybe saying.

329
00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:48,400
Yeah.
Hey, hey, hey, little Oliver

330
00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:51,600
like that is a crossing.
My mind.

331
00:18:51,600 --> 00:18:54,500
Pour off.
Rouse Oliver's asking for some

332
00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:55,800
food.
Well, let's castrate you and see

333
00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:58,400
if you can sing how bad do you
really want that head?

334
00:18:58,700 --> 00:18:59,800
Yeah.
Yeah, right.

335
00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:02,900
But I mean, kind of kind of it
is like, you know, these kids

336
00:19:02,900 --> 00:19:05,200
are up against it, they don't
have a future, they don't have

337
00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:07,800
prospects like, you know, they
have to make a decision pretty

338
00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:10,900
quick.
The third option is that, you

339
00:19:10,900 --> 00:19:14,000
know, you were poor, right?
So you don't necessarily have to

340
00:19:14,008 --> 00:19:16,300
be an an orphan.
You could just be really poor

341
00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:19,900
and honestly like between the
talent, the poor the orphan.

342
00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:22,900
It was often a mix of these.
These things that these boys

343
00:19:22,900 --> 00:19:27,000
were so, yeah, very rarely.
Do you have a ridge?

344
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:29,000
A rich cat?
There were some.

345
00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:34,800
There were some but not very
often and if you do you happen

346
00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:41,600
to know of the rich kids that
were castrato toes.

347
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:44,000
Yeah.
Why were they?

348
00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:47,700
Because they wanted to maintain
Everyone likes like, you know

349
00:19:47,700 --> 00:19:49,900
how like those people are like,
you know, intense.

350
00:19:51,300 --> 00:19:53,600
It's I'm just doing it for the
art, you know?

351
00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:55,200
Like for sure.
I'm really have.

352
00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:56,800
I can do anything I want I can
do anything.

353
00:19:56,800 --> 00:20:00,300
I want like this is, this is
like, this is my my purpose in

354
00:20:00,300 --> 00:20:03,600
life, Mom and Dad.
Yeah, you know, like like kind

355
00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:07,700
of like that but there was one
guy who was like that and his

356
00:20:07,900 --> 00:20:10,800
aunt or someone like gifted him
to Vineyards, which he basically

357
00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:14,400
lived off the money for that and
was able to just pursue his His

358
00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:18,200
dreams as a castrati, you know,
just so stupid, right?

359
00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:22,500
It's choosing to be, I'm
choosing ah, yeah, I'm so

360
00:20:22,500 --> 00:20:25,700
avant-garde, like you just don't
understand me.

361
00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:28,000
I need, you know, it's like shut
the fuck up.

362
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:30,300
You got your balls cut off, and
you're rich.

363
00:20:30,300 --> 00:20:32,500
Okay.
You like, like, you're really

364
00:20:32,500 --> 00:20:35,200
not.
Oh my God.

365
00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:38,000
You just think of the people
nowadays that do just stupid

366
00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:40,600
shit, because they're rich.
Exactly.

367
00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:44,000
I like to kind of almost ruined
boys Island Boys.

368
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:46,200
You know that.
Boys know, what island, boys.

369
00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:50,100
Oh my God, you've got a tick,
tock these guys, and they're

370
00:20:50,100 --> 00:20:52,800
like, okay, I'm just leave it at
that.

371
00:20:52,900 --> 00:20:55,500
Everyone in the audience
Tick-Tock Island, Boys, okay,

372
00:20:55,500 --> 00:20:57,700
and then come back to me.
Come back.

373
00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:04,500
Okay, so a little bit, where was
I?

374
00:21:04,500 --> 00:21:06,400
Oh yeah.
So, you know, we have these

375
00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:09,400
boys, they're either skilled
singers and their and, or

376
00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:12,500
they're poor or both and working
working as a singer for the

377
00:21:12,500 --> 00:21:16,100
Catholic Church gives them.
A means to actually earn money,

378
00:21:16,100 --> 00:21:18,900
whether it's the Catholic church
or even the Opera, right?

379
00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:24,000
So these boys they're forced to
make a decision relatively quick

380
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:26,600
and one that's going to affect
the rest of their life.

381
00:21:26,900 --> 00:21:29,700
Y'all like, yeah.
It's like a huge huge.

382
00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:34,900
Yeah.
You're gonna be exactly what I

383
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:37,400
wanted.
Exactly what I was like, thank

384
00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:38,600
you.
And I was like, what am I going

385
00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:40,600
to have to?
I have to do this topic.

386
00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:43,500
Kevin, you're giving me all the
reactions I was looking for.

387
00:21:44,600 --> 00:21:49,200
So at 13, I was not in my right
mind to know what is it

388
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:51,000
decision.
Like that means.

389
00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:53,900
I don't know about you.
Kevin would you have had any

390
00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:59,500
kind of idea of what that was
even like, as a child 13 being a

391
00:21:59,508 --> 00:22:02,100
castrati?
I mean, look, you're up against

392
00:22:02,100 --> 00:22:05,100
it making a decision like that.
Okay, I'm going to either beep

393
00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:07,400
or the for the rest of my life
or have my balls.

394
00:22:13,300 --> 00:22:15,200
Oh my God.
Sound, when you put it like

395
00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:23,400
that.
I'll be I'll be honest if if it

396
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:24,500
was a choice.
Yeah.

397
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:26,600
Probably was my boss.
Well, yeah.

398
00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:28,100
Because you're like, I'm not
eating.

399
00:22:28,500 --> 00:22:31,500
I'm not like, I don't have a, I
don't have anything like a roof

400
00:22:31,500 --> 00:22:36,500
over my head.
Yeah, I can potentially sing and

401
00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:39,300
they're willing to pay for me to
go to I like school and stuff

402
00:22:39,300 --> 00:22:42,100
like that, and you want balls.
You're my boss, got take them

403
00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:45,200
especially at that age because
I'm not entirely sure.

404
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:48,300
I would even know, I would care.
Yes.

405
00:22:48,300 --> 00:22:50,200
You know what I mean?
You don't have like those

406
00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:51,000
feelings.
Yeah.

407
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:55,400
Really not sending some kids do
but most kids, I don't think do

408
00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:57,000
all the maybe now they do but
whatever.

409
00:22:57,400 --> 00:22:58,500
Yeah, I just don't, I just
don't.

410
00:22:58,500 --> 00:22:59,900
Yeah, I think I would have done
it.

411
00:23:00,100 --> 00:23:02,200
I think are done at.
Yeah, I think I think that it

412
00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:04,400
would.
It's for us to sit here and just

413
00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:07,600
be like, oh yeah, there's no way
like we I would never do that.

414
00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:10,000
Like, I don't think.
That you people understand being

415
00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:14,000
really up against it.
Oh, like in abject poverty

416
00:23:14,100 --> 00:23:18,000
rightly, and that'll make you,
you know, make you have just

417
00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:20,500
been on the edge.
I've not been homeless, but I've

418
00:23:20,500 --> 00:23:23,700
been like, but fucking ass
broke.

419
00:23:23,700 --> 00:23:29,200
Yeah, every day of my life for a
good long while and it Sucks.

420
00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:33,100
It totally sucks.
And so I get it like being home

421
00:23:33,100 --> 00:23:35,900
was like, you know, you won't
see those movies where they

422
00:23:35,900 --> 00:23:37,500
portray.
Those people that are just

423
00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:40,500
really bad.
Obviously, every day, that

424
00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:45,100
sounds so mean if they're truly
doubt.

425
00:23:45,100 --> 00:23:47,000
Yeah.
You can't judge viable for

426
00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:48,700
decide and their children.
Yeah.

427
00:23:48,700 --> 00:23:51,300
You don't have anyone else to
support you or help?

428
00:23:51,300 --> 00:23:55,100
You talk to understand things.
Or what if you even have

429
00:23:55,100 --> 00:23:57,200
parents, who are like, we're
really poor.

430
00:23:57,300 --> 00:23:58,700
Yeah.
You're a good singer.

431
00:23:58,700 --> 00:24:01,800
Yeah, the church or like this
group is willing to give us

432
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:05,700
money and that's how the rest of
your family is going to eat.

433
00:24:06,100 --> 00:24:08,500
Exactly.
Like you can I don't think you

434
00:24:08,500 --> 00:24:12,000
can blame these kids for of me
making the air for making that

435
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:14,900
decision.
There was actually you know, a

436
00:24:14,900 --> 00:24:18,900
quote by this guy.
Now, excuse me, I'm really bad

437
00:24:18,900 --> 00:24:21,800
at pronunciation with like for
Italian.

438
00:24:22,500 --> 00:24:27,600
Well yeah, for names in general,
so go read.

439
00:24:27,700 --> 00:24:29,800
Ooh, birthday.
Which was a great.

440
00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:33,600
Cre karate.
Oh, I don't know, Grazie, I

441
00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:35,800
think that's probably at Uber
theory.

442
00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:41,200
He is a music dude, in 1630 this
quote that he said, kind of

443
00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:45,100
talks about that process.
The thought process of like, the

444
00:24:45,100 --> 00:24:48,000
parents, the children, these
people who are kind of

445
00:24:48,008 --> 00:24:50,100
manipulating potentially these,
these boys.

446
00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:53,300
So he says, I rage against
certain inhuman, people.

447
00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:57,600
And Unworthy of the name,
father, and master, who in the

448
00:24:57,700 --> 00:25:00,400
Hope of some profit try to
ensure that their children

449
00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:02,600
accustomed to singing with a
pleasing voice.

450
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:07,900
Do not lose it as they grow up.
Thus subjecting them to bonds to

451
00:25:07,900 --> 00:25:12,400
Cuts in order to make them
profitable for themselves and

452
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:15,300
useless for to the work of
nature.

453
00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:22,100
I hear.
I hear that sure. but like we

454
00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:29,400
just said a minute ago, it's
easy to, it's easy for this dude

455
00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:32,300
to say I wasn't easy for him to
say, that's the bottom line.

456
00:25:32,300 --> 00:25:35,800
But you do have some parents who
are like, oh yeah, we can use

457
00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:39,100
some extra cash.
Hey, you know, fabrizzio or

458
00:25:39,100 --> 00:25:41,400
whatever.
You're a decent singer.

459
00:25:42,200 --> 00:25:45,200
We need a paycheck.
You know, the stage parents

460
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:48,300
today, right?
Like, you have stage parents or

461
00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:51,600
like child actors, who have gone
through fucking hell and have

462
00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:54,800
basically paid for their
families.

463
00:25:54,800 --> 00:25:57,500
Yeah, you know, like singer, see
things like Yeah.

464
00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:00,800
Who you know parents willingly?
Take advantage of them.

465
00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:04,100
Oh my God, these parents.
Yeah yeah.

466
00:26:04,100 --> 00:26:07,300
So I could see both sides.
Yeah I did and but I do think

467
00:26:07,300 --> 00:26:10,400
it's easy to it's easy to say
that Europe.

468
00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:16,400
Taking advantage and doing awful
things on your benefit.

469
00:26:16,500 --> 00:26:18,900
Yeah, yeah, it's really super
easy.

470
00:26:19,500 --> 00:26:25,800
So, One thing that I think is
probably we haven't gone over

471
00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:29,200
yet those useful.
So you can't wear your you know,

472
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:32,300
earmuffs or anything like that.
You have to listen to this.

473
00:26:33,500 --> 00:26:36,000
How did they castrate these?
Boys?

474
00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:41,000
Be ready.
Okay, oh God, oh God.

475
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:44,700
Okay, wait, so do you know how
they say?

476
00:26:44,700 --> 00:26:46,500
I think this is how they do
cows.

477
00:26:47,100 --> 00:26:49,400
Do you know how to do, carrots?
Don't they put like a rubber

478
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:50,600
band?
Yes.

479
00:26:50,700 --> 00:26:51,300
Okay.
Okay.

480
00:26:51,300 --> 00:26:57,900
Explain and please, so they I
can't even imagine.

481
00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:08,400
So they take, they just they
take the band, they just tie it

482
00:27:08,400 --> 00:27:10,900
really tight like a rubber band
on the top.

483
00:27:10,900 --> 00:27:15,100
But right above the balls on the
sack and they just I really

484
00:27:15,100 --> 00:27:18,000
tight and it eventually because
Cuts cutting off the

485
00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:21,600
circulation.
Yeah and eventually they just

486
00:27:23,300 --> 00:27:32,400
Fall off like these pastures of
just like all those look like a

487
00:27:32,408 --> 00:27:33,800
prune.
Nope, it's not.

488
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:36,400
Not prunes.
So that's right.

489
00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:40,900
I'm my mom was this show and I'm
frightened to say this but Mom

490
00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:42,700
just fast forward a couple
minutes.

491
00:27:42,700 --> 00:27:48,600
Yeah.
So Okay, we're all adults.

492
00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:50,600
Hopefully listing real do.
Yeah.

493
00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:53,200
Okay, I think so.
Okay.

494
00:27:53,700 --> 00:27:54,800
I am.
I hope so.

495
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:56,800
Yeah, you should be an adult.
You should be.

496
00:27:58,200 --> 00:28:03,700
So you know, there's times when
you do stuff, right right.

497
00:28:03,700 --> 00:28:06,300
Thank you crazy.
Gillo cry.

498
00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:12,400
Just try some stuff of course
yeah and let me just say yes me

499
00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:16,600
no likey okay you know what you
like and There's definitely

500
00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:20,200
something, you'd only some
things, I don't, let's just

501
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:23,700
leave it at that.
So, this conversation that

502
00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:26,900
you're about to say is gonna be
a little uncomfortable.

503
00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:32,100
Okay.
Well, okay, as you today,

504
00:28:32,100 --> 00:28:35,300
uh-huh.
Maybe if you were younger, like

505
00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:37,800
you said, you wouldn't really
give a shit whatever.

506
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:42,700
Okay, so, how did they castrate?
So, ultimately, we're talking

507
00:28:42,900 --> 00:28:47,100
typically boys with good voices.
Were taken back to a Back street

508
00:28:47,100 --> 00:28:50,100
art, like a back street, like,
Barber surgeon, you know, think

509
00:28:50,100 --> 00:28:52,000
of Sweeney Todd.
Yeah.

510
00:28:52,900 --> 00:28:56,100
Yeah, Queenie Todd.
But like, your parents asked him

511
00:28:56,100 --> 00:29:00,400
to do this to you, just like
killing him, you know.

512
00:29:00,500 --> 00:29:05,000
So he takes these boys are
placed in a super hot bath with

513
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:09,200
special herbs and spices and
their doped up on opium because

514
00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:12,600
there is no like, you know,
anesthesia at that time.

515
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:14,600
Gotcha.
They're all fucked up on opium.

516
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:16,000
Yeah, in this.
Ali.

517
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:18,100
Hot bath and take a deep breath.
Kevin.

518
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:20,100
Obviously, put them in a hot
bath.

519
00:29:20,200 --> 00:29:22,800
While high on opium.
They're all fucked up on opium.

520
00:29:22,800 --> 00:29:24,000
Yeah.
Super high.

521
00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:26,000
Okay.
Oh no.

522
00:29:26,100 --> 00:29:27,500
Okay.
Okay, breathing.

523
00:29:27,500 --> 00:29:28,800
Okay.
Yes, I'm breathing.

524
00:29:29,800 --> 00:29:34,900
The barber would then squash the
testicles and remove them by

525
00:29:34,900 --> 00:29:37,300
slitting.
The groin, and severing the

526
00:29:37,300 --> 00:29:39,900
spermatic cord.
Okay.

527
00:29:40,500 --> 00:29:42,500
You okay over there, huh?
Okay.

528
00:29:45,900 --> 00:29:51,600
So in its Heyday in Italy 4,000
boys would be castrated a year.

529
00:29:51,700 --> 00:29:54,400
Okay, so we have to go back for
a sec.

530
00:29:54,400 --> 00:30:03,200
Yes, go back.
So are the tests I hmm, like

531
00:30:03,500 --> 00:30:12,100
gone or are they just severing
the thing that connects the The

532
00:30:12,100 --> 00:30:15,400
gym, you know, allows the sperm
to pass through.

533
00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:19,800
That's a great question is.
Well, the, the testicles are

534
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:21,400
removed.
They are removed.

535
00:30:21,400 --> 00:30:23,700
Yeah.
So they're there because they

536
00:30:23,700 --> 00:30:29,000
just like Lego, they slipped the
groin, take the testicles out,

537
00:30:29,100 --> 00:30:32,200
take that spermatic and like,
and that severs the spermatic

538
00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:33,300
cord.
Uh-huh.

539
00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:38,700
Yeah, they just so back up
myself, back up, goddamn and I'm

540
00:30:38,700 --> 00:30:42,200
sure that like sometimes, you
know, it Wouldn't work or wasn't

541
00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:43,400
done.
Well, maybe it was done.

542
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:46,500
Slightly different.
Do you think they knew how did

543
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:49,200
they know what they were doing?
Well, this had been a practice,

544
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:51,900
like ultimately it had really
been a practice since like

545
00:30:51,900 --> 00:30:55,200
ancient ancient times this is
probably one surgery.

546
00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:58,200
They had down pat yeah yeah.
Out of all the surgeries this

547
00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:01,300
was like okay it's only your
balls as not like severing a

548
00:31:01,300 --> 00:31:06,000
limb.
It's like super, super easy.

549
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:09,400
Quick incision, you know, not
okay.

550
00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:13,800
But also there B-boy Latonya not
even mine, sorry to interrupt

551
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:15,800
again.
But the, these boys were just

552
00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:18,600
high.
They weren't they were, um, no.

553
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:22,300
They weren't unconscious.
No, I'm assuming the shit had to

554
00:31:22,300 --> 00:31:24,800
hurt like an effort when you
think about it.

555
00:31:24,800 --> 00:31:27,700
Like one thing I thought, like
maybe it was a hot enough bath,

556
00:31:27,700 --> 00:31:29,000
you wouldn't be able to feel
anything.

557
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:30,700
Yeah.
What was the hot bath about?

558
00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:35,000
While the hot bath was?
I think it was like like anti

559
00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:39,800
septic with the, the herbs and
spices and stuff was to kind of

560
00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:43,200
make sure that there are super
Clean when the surgery was done.

561
00:31:43,300 --> 00:31:45,700
That's what I assumed.
Maybe it was also a relaxation

562
00:31:45,700 --> 00:31:50,400
technique, but one would think
that you would use cold water or

563
00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:54,100
like something, you know, that
would kind of numb the areas of

564
00:31:54,100 --> 00:31:56,600
or have was happening.
What was about to happen.

565
00:31:56,700 --> 00:31:58,900
I mean, I'm sure that there are
cases where they didn't know,

566
00:31:58,900 --> 00:32:01,600
but yeah, a lot of them would go
and knowing that they were going

567
00:32:01,600 --> 00:32:03,400
to be castrated.
Yeah.

568
00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:05,900
And and not, everyone is like,
you know, when we're talking

569
00:32:05,900 --> 00:32:08,200
about that time, infection was
rampant.

570
00:32:08,200 --> 00:32:12,500
So it's like, not everyone would
survive this You know, not

571
00:32:12,500 --> 00:32:15,100
everyone would survive.
There were awful infections

572
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:17,600
people to know that you're
supposed to clean things, you

573
00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:21,600
know, I'm sure that they started
doing the baths just because

574
00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:24,800
they saw that that was helpful
for the majority but didn't

575
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:27,500
really understand germs the way
that we understand them today.

576
00:32:27,900 --> 00:32:31,200
So you know the thought of like
keeping things clean and like

577
00:32:31,200 --> 00:32:36,100
you know using antiseptic and
using he was porn or something

578
00:32:36,100 --> 00:32:38,300
like that.
Goodbye to Benito.

579
00:32:38,300 --> 00:32:40,800
Spawns on the market like nah.
Nah.

580
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:43,400
That stuff.
It was like, I thought so.

581
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:45,500
So, some of these boys would
die, right?

582
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:47,900
Like, not all of them would
survive, you know?

583
00:32:47,900 --> 00:32:51,900
One.
And you know of those 4,000,

584
00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:53,600
boys, that would be castrated a
year.

585
00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:56,600
Not all 4,000 of them would
become famous.

586
00:32:57,000 --> 00:33:01,000
We're talking about a small
amount of people of those 4,000

587
00:33:01,100 --> 00:33:03,800
a year that would even become
opera singers.

588
00:33:04,200 --> 00:33:06,300
So, the others, the others would
one.

589
00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:08,900
Hopefully they survived the
actual surgery, right?

590
00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:13,200
And then too, Their option was
singing in a church choir.

591
00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:15,600
Otherwise you're out of luck.
Like what?

592
00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:17,800
If your you go through this
whole process?

593
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:20,300
And then I like, yeah, you're
not good enough.

594
00:33:20,300 --> 00:33:24,300
So now you have to like, just
live as a castrated person.

595
00:33:24,300 --> 00:33:26,000
Sorry about it.
Yeah, yeah.

596
00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:28,900
I read about it, sorry.
You know, you didn't really make

597
00:33:28,900 --> 00:33:31,700
the cut.
You're like I did make the cut.

598
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:41,400
Oh, the cut is made, it was it's
their sad.

599
00:33:41,400 --> 00:33:44,000
So you know, that was only the
start of these, you know,

600
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:48,400
potential kiss castrato.
You know careers these boys were

601
00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:52,200
in intensive music
conservatories where you know

602
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:56,600
they would study singing
performing Annunciation reading

603
00:33:56,600 --> 00:34:00,900
music, you name it and that shit
is exhausting, okay?

604
00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:06,600
Yeah I mean that was they were
doing this For their career,

605
00:34:06,700 --> 00:34:08,400
right?
Is so it was like there.

606
00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:12,300
Yeah, it was our job.
So they were so they were, they

607
00:34:12,300 --> 00:34:15,400
were doing this probably, you
know, every hour of every day

608
00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:19,100
that they were awake and when
their focus was getting them to

609
00:34:19,100 --> 00:34:20,199
be good.
Yeah.

610
00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:23,000
Yeah, they live side, be
grueling it had to be grilling

611
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:26,000
and these were these were long,
grueling days, like they lived

612
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:29,000
and breathed music.
So it's not like, they were like

613
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,300
living, you know, unless you
became famous then maybe

614
00:34:31,300 --> 00:34:32,900
eventually start living a nice
life.

615
00:34:32,900 --> 00:34:36,000
But like, this was not the
Luxury this, these were people

616
00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:41,000
who were desperate to make it
work and we had really risked,

617
00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:45,300
it all in the name of, you know,
a career, singing career.

618
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:49,300
Yeah.
So a couple of famous castrato,

619
00:34:49,300 --> 00:34:52,400
I thought that we had talked
about Farhan Ellie was of very

620
00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:54,300
famous one.
At the time, he actually sing in

621
00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:58,500
London and women were heard
squealing after his performance

622
00:34:58,500 --> 00:35:03,200
squealing one, God, one
farinelli, and long live, the

623
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:06,600
knife, the Blessed knife, okay.
Jesus Christ, man.

624
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:08,200
Other words.
Thank you for castrating your

625
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:09,400
balls off.
Yeah.

626
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:11,600
Like thank God for that fucking
knife.

627
00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:14,500
That took your balls out, you
know, like which is where the

628
00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:17,800
the title of this episode comes
from is from that, you know,

629
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:20,200
that swooning.
It was like it was honestly like

630
00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:21,900
the Beatles and Elvis.
Yeah.

631
00:35:21,900 --> 00:35:23,900
Yeah.
Early Elvis or or the Beatles

632
00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:27,300
Invasion only he was forced into
being castrated.

633
00:35:27,300 --> 00:35:30,800
Right?
So you know these men, there

634
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:35,800
were a lot of social issues for
the Not all of them were treated

635
00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:39,500
like rock stars right?
Not all of them became operatic,

636
00:35:39,500 --> 00:35:41,800
famous singers.
That was the minority.

637
00:35:42,100 --> 00:35:46,700
They were social outcasts and
accused of, you know, awful

638
00:35:46,700 --> 00:35:48,900
things like, you know,
infidelity or like, you know,

639
00:35:48,900 --> 00:35:53,900
trying to, you know, trying to
tempt men and being homosexuals.

640
00:35:54,300 --> 00:35:57,300
There are seen, you know, really
is Outsiders within the

641
00:35:57,300 --> 00:36:00,600
community.
Nobody like, maybe because they

642
00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:04,300
are these like artists who did
this like, They're kind of

643
00:36:04,308 --> 00:36:06,800
fucking weirdos.
They're seen outside of the

644
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:10,200
actual culture, they weren't
really embraced aside from their

645
00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:13,600
singing skills and probably a
lot of them didn't have a

646
00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:18,200
choice.
No, and do you think you The

647
00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:20,200
Catholics.
Do you think the Catholics were

648
00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:23,400
were doing this to these people
even though?

649
00:36:24,700 --> 00:36:27,100
It was in their religion.
Do you think they were behaving

650
00:36:27,100 --> 00:36:28,400
this way?
Or do you think it was people

651
00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:31,700
outside of the religion that
we're treating them this way?

652
00:36:31,900 --> 00:36:34,400
Oh everyone.
I mean, if you think of the

653
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:36,500
folks who knew that they were,
why they were doing it?

654
00:36:36,500 --> 00:36:37,700
Yeah.
No.

655
00:36:37,700 --> 00:36:40,600
I mean, yeah, they're probably
sitting there like, of course.

656
00:36:41,100 --> 00:36:43,500
Anyway, it's like the Tale As
Old As Time.

657
00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:47,700
These people who are like, oh
well, you know, you're morally

658
00:36:47,700 --> 00:36:52,200
like, you know, because you got
your balls cut off your, there's

659
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:55,500
something wrong with you.
And like, instead of Like having

660
00:36:55,500 --> 00:36:58,100
compassion, like a Christian
should, and that's like what

661
00:36:58,100 --> 00:37:01,900
their gods as right.
That's the exact opposite.

662
00:37:01,900 --> 00:37:04,300
They would they would pass
judgment on them and it was

663
00:37:04,300 --> 00:37:06,000
something they didn't really
understand.

664
00:37:06,300 --> 00:37:09,800
So, you know, they would be
social outcasts, which is really

665
00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:17,500
fucking sad, right?
So in 1587 Pope sixtus actually

666
00:37:17,500 --> 00:37:21,600
outlawed marriage for the
castrati because there's no

667
00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:23,900
there was no purpose for family,
right?

668
00:37:24,700 --> 00:37:27,800
Like almost to the only purpose
for marriage is propagation

669
00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:30,900
exactly.
And so since you can't do that

670
00:37:31,400 --> 00:37:33,700
there is no need for you to
marry somebody.

671
00:37:33,700 --> 00:37:37,200
There's no need for you to marry
someone and the pope you're

672
00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:39,100
seeing the pope.
Did that the pope did ya?

673
00:37:39,100 --> 00:37:42,600
Pope sixtus. 62 said, we cut off
your balls, huh?

674
00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:43,800
We're going to cut off your
balls.

675
00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:46,400
I'm sanctioning cutting off your
balls.

676
00:37:46,600 --> 00:37:48,500
Yeah.
And by the way now you have no

677
00:37:48,500 --> 00:37:50,700
rights to marry anyone.
Yes, we cut off your balls.

678
00:37:50,700 --> 00:37:54,300
We really want to hear you in
our choirs but like aside.

679
00:37:54,500 --> 00:37:55,800
From rights.
Like you don't have any other

680
00:37:55,800 --> 00:37:58,800
item like I mean yeah sorry
because like like there's no

681
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:01,100
reason like even if you fall in
love with someone which is

682
00:38:01,100 --> 00:38:04,000
possible, right?
You don't need balls to fall in

683
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:07,200
love.
Yeah you just need like a brain

684
00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:10,900
so it's disgusting.
It's super disgusting.

685
00:38:10,900 --> 00:38:13,500
So you know it was out, it was
outlawed for them so they were

686
00:38:13,600 --> 00:38:16,400
once again it's just kind of
shows you that like how they

687
00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:20,200
were outside of the the social.
They were social pariahs really

688
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:25,200
people the time actually saw the
issues of having Straw tea and

689
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:30,700
pushed Pope Benedict, in 1748 to
Outlaw the barbaric practice of

690
00:38:30,700 --> 00:38:33,900
castration for these boys.
So instead of straight up like

691
00:38:33,900 --> 00:38:38,100
outlying it.
As he actually reiterated some

692
00:38:38,100 --> 00:38:42,500
prohibitions against amputating
body parts except in the cases

693
00:38:42,500 --> 00:38:46,100
of like medical necessity.
So he's like people like, hey,

694
00:38:46,100 --> 00:38:49,500
you need to, like, you know,
stop doing castration.

695
00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:52,500
These castrati, like shouldn't
be in your choirs.

696
00:38:52,500 --> 00:38:54,000
It's wrong.
It's barbaric.

697
00:38:54,400 --> 00:38:55,700
He said, yeah.
Yeah.

698
00:38:55,700 --> 00:38:56,900
I hear you.
I hear you.

699
00:38:58,100 --> 00:39:03,200
It's really not good to amputate
different body Limbs and stuff

700
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:12,700
mic drop.
That's not, you missed the whole

701
00:39:12,800 --> 00:39:16,400
point, okay?
You missed the whole point

702
00:39:16,400 --> 00:39:19,000
Benedict.
What the fuck?

703
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:24,700
So, you know the Ultimately like
what you kind of see from that

704
00:39:24,700 --> 00:39:28,400
is like, okay these Catholic
choirs it's a necessity for them

705
00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:32,200
to have male Sopranos in there.
Okay, fine, whatever, cool.

706
00:39:32,300 --> 00:39:35,300
Okay, how about you?
Let the fuck women?

707
00:39:35,300 --> 00:39:39,300
Sing Bingo?
Yeah, yeah.

708
00:39:39,300 --> 00:39:44,100
It's like do as I say, not as I
do like, yeah, castrati are bad.

709
00:39:44,400 --> 00:39:50,100
We love him in our and acquired,
it's infuriating.

710
00:39:50,100 --> 00:39:54,300
Yeah.
In France, they were disgusted

711
00:39:54,300 --> 00:39:56,200
by this practice.
Of course, they would be

712
00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:59,300
Frenchie's.
So Jean Jacques Rousseau is

713
00:39:59,300 --> 00:40:02,200
quoted in 1768 in the dictionary
of Music.

714
00:40:02,200 --> 00:40:07,100
Saying in Italy, there are
fathers so cruel as to sacrifice

715
00:40:07,100 --> 00:40:11,200
nature to Fortune and submit
their children to this operation

716
00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:14,800
of castration.
So now.

717
00:40:14,800 --> 00:40:17,800
Okay, they're saying yeah, no,
no we're not doing castration

718
00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:20,400
the castrati.
The church is saying the

719
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:24,400
castrati that we have now.
This was medical necessity.

720
00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:29,100
Okay, so let me tell you a
couple of been medical

721
00:40:29,100 --> 00:40:31,700
Necessities that occur.
Oh sure.

722
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:36,600
Okay, so far finale, there are
far finale, the one that I was

723
00:40:36,600 --> 00:40:40,100
talking about before.
Well, he fell off of a horse.

724
00:40:40,200 --> 00:40:42,500
Oh, which is why he was
castrated.

725
00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:44,800
Oh pretty common.
Sure.

726
00:40:44,800 --> 00:40:48,000
Yeah.
And then another one, a Dominico

727
00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:52,500
Mustafa was bitten by a wild
boar in his balls.

728
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:58,800
Sweetie can stream.
I mean, like really nature was

729
00:40:58,800 --> 00:41:02,100
doing it for us, like, like the
wild boar really castrate.

730
00:41:02,100 --> 00:41:05,400
We didn't do it right?
We just won't be playing real

731
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:06,200
good.
Yeah.

732
00:41:06,200 --> 00:41:08,700
Oh my God.
Yeah, we've actually been

733
00:41:08,700 --> 00:41:11,800
teaching him for a while.
He just had a mishap with a wild

734
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:17,800
boar like so fucking stupid.
So moving forward and the 19th

735
00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:21,100
century, you know, that silly
little ban on women singing.

736
00:41:21,300 --> 00:41:22,500
Uh-huh.
It was over.

737
00:41:22,700 --> 00:41:26,300
Returned in the Catholic stage
which is are those people states

738
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:30,800
that you know, and I was when
was this the 19th century 1900?

739
00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:35,300
Okay, so so now we have the
people really questioning why

740
00:41:35,300 --> 00:41:37,700
there is even a need or a want
for castrati.

741
00:41:37,700 --> 00:41:41,100
At this point those soprano
voices that there are looking

742
00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:45,300
for women can naturally sing.
Yeah, be the.

743
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:50,300
Yeah, so the popularity of the
castrati, really we aimed.

744
00:41:50,300 --> 00:41:52,500
There were still some roles in
operas, you know, specifically,

745
00:41:52,600 --> 00:41:54,900
Written for castrati.
Because that's that was really

746
00:41:54,900 --> 00:41:57,300
what it was was like there were
a lot of really famous operas

747
00:41:57,300 --> 00:41:59,800
where you need to talk about the
mail, great shot for men that

748
00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:02,900
could sing high, right.
But but at that time right you

749
00:42:02,900 --> 00:42:05,000
that's hard to find.
It's hard to find just in

750
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:05,700
general.
Yeah.

751
00:42:05,700 --> 00:42:11,800
So the there were still rolls in
those operas, but 1824 was when

752
00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:15,700
the final role for a specific
like for castrati has been

753
00:42:15,700 --> 00:42:18,300
called out for Castro.
Yeah, was composed.

754
00:42:18,300 --> 00:42:23,000
So and then I kind of talked
about like, the last Otto.

755
00:42:24,000 --> 00:42:28,000
And that's Alessandro more Ashy.
And once again I'm sorry I don't

756
00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:30,300
know if I can.
All right, is he Italian?

757
00:42:30,400 --> 00:42:34,200
He is Italian.
Yes and when you look up

758
00:42:34,400 --> 00:42:37,800
castrato online like that just
the Search terms, he's the first

759
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:42,300
one to come up and I'm sure
you're wondering what Alessandro

760
00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:47,000
sounded like I know that I did
when I went wandering this whole

761
00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:49,000
time.
Yeah like what is the blank?

762
00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:52,100
I hear a thought.
I hear it in my head but I'm I

763
00:42:52,100 --> 00:42:55,100
don't know.
No, so before I actually even

764
00:42:55,100 --> 00:42:59,400
hit play, I want to just warn
folks to turn down the audio.

765
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:03,800
Slightly little high.
It can be just a little bit

766
00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:06,400
high, so sure, I'm so here we
go.

767
00:43:06,400 --> 00:44:12,600
Here's Alessandro, okay.
A lot it's a lot so I'm gonna

768
00:44:12,600 --> 00:44:15,000
put on my Simon Cowell has oh
yeah please do.

769
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:18,100
Please do the black v-neck and
everything.

770
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:26,700
Yeah white turtle we had some
good vibrato.

771
00:44:27,300 --> 00:44:29,300
Yes, a note.
There was really some nice

772
00:44:29,300 --> 00:44:34,200
steady vibrato and there was a
note it was funny.

773
00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:42,700
Huh?
It was so not good.

774
00:44:42,900 --> 00:44:47,000
Yeah, I mean I don't think that
was good like I don't know,

775
00:44:47,008 --> 00:44:50,900
maybe I'm just used to the
Adele's and the celine's and the

776
00:44:50,900 --> 00:44:53,500
Ariana's that I'm like, was
that?

777
00:44:53,500 --> 00:44:56,300
But yeah.
And maybe back then, it was

778
00:44:56,300 --> 00:44:58,900
great.
But um, gosh.

779
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:02,200
Well and of course, I get the
high notes now because that's

780
00:45:02,200 --> 00:45:03,800
what I was picturing in my head.
Yes.

781
00:45:03,800 --> 00:45:05,600
Yes, yes, yes.
Super high.

782
00:45:05,600 --> 00:45:06,800
No Hooper.
Hi.

783
00:45:06,900 --> 00:45:09,100
Hmm.
But can you have that was part

784
00:45:09,100 --> 00:45:12,700
of the castration.
Well, yes, I'm sorry.

785
00:45:12,700 --> 00:45:15,100
Get I remember it was here
yesterday before or after

786
00:45:15,100 --> 00:45:18,500
puberty before before, puberty
had like one of those like wild

787
00:45:18,500 --> 00:45:20,700
boar incidents where he like
fell off the horse right now.

788
00:45:21,600 --> 00:45:29,800
Because that's why do you think
because we can't know this but

789
00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:32,600
do you think that he just
happened to be like?

790
00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:35,700
Well, okay, so that is something
that that did come up.

791
00:45:35,700 --> 00:45:38,100
They said well maybe he actually
had like some kind of internal

792
00:45:38,100 --> 00:45:42,400
hernia which caused him to have
to get Don't really know for

793
00:45:42,400 --> 00:45:47,500
sure why he was castrated.
He was a singer though in Rome.

794
00:45:47,500 --> 00:45:51,400
And they I think he, they call
him something like the angel of,

795
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:54,200
you know, of Rome or something
like that, Vatican or whatever.

796
00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:59,100
Like his voice could have just
been a naturally.

797
00:45:59,100 --> 00:46:01,500
His vocal cords were such that
he was just a naturally High

798
00:46:01,500 --> 00:46:04,100
singer.
Anyway, or do you think the know

799
00:46:04,100 --> 00:46:08,300
he was pretty prevented him?
I, I think it definitely helped

800
00:46:08,300 --> 00:46:10,800
him because the whole idea
behind the car.

801
00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:14,600
Strata was like you have these
really high notes and these men

802
00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:20,000
who have huge lungs like of of a
man like yeah, he's huge broad

803
00:46:20,000 --> 00:46:21,200
chests.
Yeah.

804
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:25,300
But it's the vocal cords of do
that and I just find it and I

805
00:46:25,308 --> 00:46:27,200
could be wrong.
I'm not a medical person.

806
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:30,800
The I don't think your balls.
Create the testosterone that are

807
00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:34,400
actually helping you do that.
I don't think the semen is the

808
00:46:34,500 --> 00:46:37,400
key.
So to say that cutting off your

809
00:46:37,400 --> 00:46:42,200
balls, changes stops your vocal.
Hordes from expanding or

810
00:46:42,200 --> 00:46:44,700
whatever it does to give you
those lower voice.

811
00:46:44,700 --> 00:46:48,600
Yeah I just I don't I'm not
buying it.

812
00:46:48,600 --> 00:46:51,800
Well it is a I mean it is a
thing, you're not guy that guy

813
00:46:51,800 --> 00:46:55,200
did have I don't know.
I think there are probably other

814
00:46:55,200 --> 00:46:59,400
ways to do it, but this was a
way that they did it.

815
00:46:59,700 --> 00:47:02,900
Yeah.
So you know I I mean he was the

816
00:47:02,900 --> 00:47:04,600
last castrato.
Okay.

817
00:47:05,300 --> 00:47:07,600
And he was the only one.
That's been recorded.

818
00:47:07,600 --> 00:47:09,600
That's why I like, you know,
really?

819
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:11,800
Yeah.
So this is the The only castrato

820
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:15,600
who has actually been recorded
probably because that's it would

821
00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:18,500
died off really time when they
could start recording was exact

822
00:47:18,500 --> 00:47:20,800
time when he was alive.
Yeah.

823
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:22,500
So I like also thinking about
it.

824
00:47:22,500 --> 00:47:25,000
I'm like, was he as good as some
of these other ones like, far

825
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:26,700
finale?
That's what I was thinking,

826
00:47:26,700 --> 00:47:29,700
killing us because we're like,
way way better.

827
00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:33,000
Yeah, yeah, I'm sure that like
like, you know, for people to be

828
00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:36,400
swooning and like beatlemania
like they had like amazing

829
00:47:36,400 --> 00:47:37,900
voices.
I wouldn't say that

830
00:47:37,900 --> 00:47:41,200
Alessandro's, I think that he
had a nice voice but I mean Like

831
00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:44,100
my head kind of past pounding
just from hearing.

832
00:47:44,100 --> 00:47:46,200
Look, I don't think I can watch
on to that for very long.

833
00:47:46,200 --> 00:47:48,600
No, I couldn't.
I be like, yeah, but I mean,

834
00:47:48,600 --> 00:47:51,500
also, you're thinking about it
when you see it if you're in a

835
00:47:51,500 --> 00:47:55,100
big if you're in, this is a
chapel and it's like there's

836
00:47:55,100 --> 00:47:56,800
Acoustics and stuff like that
because everything.

837
00:47:56,800 --> 00:48:02,800
Yeah so I actually have like a
description and we'll have some

838
00:48:02,800 --> 00:48:06,500
images like will have links to
images and the show notes but

839
00:48:07,600 --> 00:48:10,600
his expect this was a quote from
somebody who knew him.

840
00:48:10,600 --> 00:48:13,800
So his External appearance
differs little from that of a

841
00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:16,500
you from that usual for a
singer.

842
00:48:16,800 --> 00:48:19,200
He's a medium or rather small
stature.

843
00:48:19,400 --> 00:48:22,600
He is like a his likeable face
is completely beardless.

844
00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:25,600
His chest, remarkably Broad and
Powerful.

845
00:48:25,900 --> 00:48:28,700
His speaking voice has a
metallic quality.

846
00:48:28,700 --> 00:48:33,200
Yeah, I could hear that metallic
quality listening about like a

847
00:48:33,200 --> 00:48:38,600
very high speaking tenor.
Khatma can click his voice and

848
00:48:38,600 --> 00:48:40,800
demeanor make a youthful
impression.

849
00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:43,600
Forced by his Lively
conversation, which add to the

850
00:48:43,600 --> 00:48:47,300
altogether, Charming picture
that this singer presents now,

851
00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:52,400
Alessandro died in 1922.
And with that was the last

852
00:48:52,600 --> 00:48:56,400
planned castrato.
Now, whether or not there have

853
00:48:56,400 --> 00:48:59,000
been people who have been
chemically castrated.

854
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:03,600
That's, you know, I've heard
stories of that, yeah, to retain

855
00:49:04,100 --> 00:49:07,100
their vocal, like vocal, You
Know, chords in high notes, not

856
00:49:07,100 --> 00:49:09,100
show.
But that's kind of the story of

857
00:49:09,100 --> 00:49:12,200
the, of the castrato.
Oh, the Blessed knife.

858
00:49:12,200 --> 00:49:14,000
And by the way, I just want to
point out, I didn't mention this

859
00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:17,300
before.
If people aren't watching when

860
00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:19,600
Alicia played that clip, she had
a picture.

861
00:49:19,800 --> 00:49:21,900
Oh yeah.
Alessandro Alessandro.

862
00:49:21,900 --> 00:49:22,800
Huh.
The final one?

863
00:49:22,800 --> 00:49:24,600
Yeah.
Yes.

864
00:49:24,600 --> 00:49:25,700
You can.
You can watch that.

865
00:49:25,700 --> 00:49:27,600
We have a.
We have YouTube and we also have

866
00:49:27,600 --> 00:49:29,600
on Spotify.
Yeah.

867
00:49:29,600 --> 00:49:30,900
The ones all of them.
Yeah.

868
00:49:31,300 --> 00:49:34,900
So I thought that I would just
clean our the dust off of this

869
00:49:34,900 --> 00:49:36,700
sign in our bizarre area for
world.

870
00:49:37,900 --> 00:49:40,600
But the fact that it even
fucking existed is kind of

871
00:49:40,600 --> 00:49:45,000
insane.
Shane, yes, yeah, yes, it's

872
00:49:45,000 --> 00:49:47,700
crazy.
Yes, you think well, that's what

873
00:49:47,700 --> 00:49:51,500
I am when I said before is like,
oh, I think I know why they

874
00:49:51,500 --> 00:49:53,400
castrated people.
And is exactly why I thought

875
00:49:53,400 --> 00:49:55,300
they did what you did.
What you ended up saying?

876
00:49:55,300 --> 00:50:00,000
I was right.
Because people are, they don't

877
00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:02,900
know, it's just things that we
do.

878
00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:06,400
Let me just put it that way.
The things humans do.

879
00:50:07,200 --> 00:50:09,700
Are so effing bizarre,
sometimes.

880
00:50:11,100 --> 00:50:21,200
What and why, why why?
I mean, why not, I'd say that's

881
00:50:21,200 --> 00:50:26,400
probably the idea is, why not?
I I've always been fascinated by

882
00:50:26,400 --> 00:50:28,900
castrati and castrato singers.
Like when I found out that it

883
00:50:28,900 --> 00:50:31,600
was a thing I was like, whoa,
what?

884
00:50:31,600 --> 00:50:34,900
This is so weird and it was like
such a popular thing for so

885
00:50:34,900 --> 00:50:40,100
long, you know, and these poor
people who did this, you know,

886
00:50:40,100 --> 00:50:44,700
you just have To feel for him.
Yeah, yeah.

887
00:50:44,700 --> 00:50:46,900
I definitely for the ones who
feel like they've, maybe they

888
00:50:46,900 --> 00:50:49,500
had no choice or there were
forced into it.

889
00:50:51,200 --> 00:50:54,100
Yeah, yeah.
That's it's sad.

890
00:50:54,100 --> 00:50:56,700
It's really sad.
Yeah, I guess.

891
00:50:56,700 --> 00:51:00,000
Yeah.
There's so much there's so much.

892
00:51:00,300 --> 00:51:03,200
Brain is like, just like yeah,
running through all this stuff.

893
00:51:03,400 --> 00:51:04,800
What?
I didn't even know about them.

894
00:51:04,800 --> 00:51:07,700
So yeah, just say that you've
enlightened me, didn't even

895
00:51:07,700 --> 00:51:10,200
know.
I didn't realize this such a

896
00:51:10,208 --> 00:51:11,700
thing.
Did you learn something new

897
00:51:11,700 --> 00:51:13,500
every day?
Something new everyday go home.

898
00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:17,700
So you know, I guess I'm this is
where I just say, you know,

899
00:51:17,800 --> 00:51:20,000
thank you for today.
Thank you.

900
00:51:20,200 --> 00:51:24,400
And one thing I will say is, do
us a favor and keep all your

901
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:29,600
body parts intact.
Let's keep our body part please,

902
00:51:29,600 --> 00:51:32,200
we have them for a reason.
Yeah, yeah, yeah.

903
00:51:32,200 --> 00:51:35,000
Unless unless it's, unless of
wild boar comes in, like tears

904
00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:37,100
it off.
Then yeah, then you can have the

905
00:51:37,100 --> 00:51:43,700
rest of it taken off.
Thanks for the story.

906
00:51:43,700 --> 00:51:46,400
Thank you fun until next time
enjoyed.

907
00:51:46,400 --> 00:51:48,300
Yeah, there's cheers man.